Exploring the Causes, Symptoms and Risks of Lung Cancer.
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the lung, typically in the cells that line the air passages. It occurs when abnormal cells grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a mass (tumour) in the lungs that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other body parts (metastasize). Lung cancer usually develops when abnormal cells grow out of control in the lungs. These abnormal cells can form a mass or tumour that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other body parts. Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke causes lung cancers. Tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemicals, including active carcinogens that can damage the DNA in lung cells and lead to the development of cancer. However, lung cancer can also develop in non-smokers due to other risk factors, such as exposure to radon, air pollution, or certain chemicals.
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| Happy oncosurgeon showing lung X-ray |
There are two main types of lung cancer: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC is the most common type, accounting for about 85% of all lung cancers, and tends to grow and spread more slowly than SCLC. SCLC, on the other hand, is less common but more aggressive and typically spreads quickly. Experts proved that the linkage between exposure to harmful substances and smoking causes death.
Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, responsible for about 85% of all cases. Exposure to secondhand smoke, air pollution, radon gas, and occupational exposure to certain chemicals can also increase the risk of developing lung cancer. However, not all of these risk factors and some cases occur in individuals with no known risk factors.
The main risk factor for developing lung cancer is smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Smoking is responsible for about 85% of all lung cancer cases. However, other risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing lung cancer, including:
- Exposure to radon gas: Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can accumulate in homes and buildings. Breathing in high radon over time can increase the risk of lung cancer.
- Exposure to workplace toxins: Certain chemicals and substances found in the workplace, such as asbestos, arsenic, diesel exhaust, and some types of chemicals used in the mining, manufacturing, and construction industries, can increase the risk of lung cancer.
- Air pollution: Exposure to outdoor air pollution, such as vehicle exhaust or industrial emissions, can also increase the risk of lung cancer.
- Family history: Having a close relative, such as a parent or sibling, who has had lung cancer can increase the risk of developing the disease.
- Personal history of lung disease: Individuals with certain lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pulmonary fibrosis, may have an increased risk of lung cancer.
- Age: The risk of lung cancer increases with age, with most cases diagnosed in individuals over 65.
It is important to note that even though a person may have one or more risk factors, it does not necessarily mean they will develop lung cancer. Conversely, some individuals may develop lung cancer despite risk factors.
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| Happy couple hugging couch after lung cancer treatment |
The symptoms of lung cancer can vary depending on the size and location of the tumour and the cancer stage. In some cases, lung cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms until it has advanced to a later stage. Common symptoms of lung cancer include
- Persistent coughing, especially if it with by blood or a change in the colour of the phlegm.
- Chest pain is often worse with deep breathing, coughing or laughing.
- Shortness of breath or wheezing.
- Unexplained weight loss or loss of appetite.
- Fatigue or weakness.
- Hoarseness or difficulty speaking.
- Recurring infections such as bronchitis or pneumonia.
It is common for a doctor to perform several tests to determine whether lung cancer is present. These tests may include,
- Imaging tests like X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to look for abnormal lung growths or masses.
- Sputum cytology test: Sputum cytology test examines a sputum (phlegm) sample under a microscope to check for cancer cells.
- Biopsy: This involves taking a small tissue sample from the lung, which is then examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
- Bronchoscopy: This procedure involves passing a flexible tube through the mouth or nose and taking a biopsy of any suspicious areas.
- PET scan: A PET scan uses a radioactive tracer to highlight any areas of cancer in the body.
Once a lung cancer diagnosis, doctors perform additional tests to determine the cancer stage and to help guide treatment decisions.
The treatment options for lung cancer depend on the type and stage of cancer and the health. Common treatments for lung cancer include
- Surgery: Surgery is often the first-line treatment for early-stage lung cancer. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancerous tissue from the lung. Surgery may involve removing a portion of the lung (lobectomy) or the entire lung (pneumonectomy).
- Radiation therapy: Radiation treatment uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. Oncosurgenons perform radiation therapy alone or a combination with other treatments, such as surgery or chemotherapy.
- Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Oncosurgons perform chemotherapy with other treatments, such as surgery or radiation therapy.
- Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy is a newer type of cancer treatment that targets specific molecules or pathways involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. Surgeons perform Targeted therapy in combination with other treatments, such as chemotherapy.
- Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is a cancer-type treatment that stimulates the body's immune system to attack cancer cells. It may be used alone or with other therapies, such as chemotherapy.
- Palliative care: Palliative care focuses on improving the quality of life for patients with advanced lung cancer. It may involve symptom management, pain relief, and emotional support.
Cancer treatment aims to shrink or remove cancer, relieve symptoms, and improve the overall quality of life.
The specific treatment plan will depend on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer and the patient's overall health and personal preferences.
However, survival rates vary widely depending on the stage of cancer:
- Stage 1: The five-year survival rate for stage 1 non-small cell lung cancer is around 56-73%.
- Stage 2: The five-year survival rate for stage 2 non-small cell lung cancer is about 36-46%.
- Stage 3: The five-year survival rate for stage 3 non-small cell lung cancer is over 19-24%.
- Stage 4: The five-year survival rate for stage 4 non-small cell lung cancer is over 2-6%.
A five-year survival rate of around 7% is typical for small-cell lung cancer, compared to 9% for non-small-cell lung cancer.
It is vital to note that these survival rates are estimates based on large groups of people and do not necessarily reflect an individual's prognosis. Lung cancer prognoses may also be affected by other factors, such as the patient's age, overall health, and response to treatment.
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| A promise to the patient. Be happy and do not worry |
While it is not possible to completely prevent lung cancer, oncologists can take several steps to reduce the risk of developing the disease:
- Avert smoke: Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, and quitting smoking is the best way to reduce the risk of developing the disease.
- Avoid secondhand smoke: Exposure to secondhand smoke can also increase the risk of developing lung cancer, so it is important to avoid areas where people are smoking.
- Protect against radon exposure: Radon is a naturally occurring gas that can accumulate in homes and buildings and is the second leading cause of lung cancer. Taking steps to reduce radon exposure can help prevent lung cancer.
- Reduce exposure to environmental toxins: Asbestos and diesel exhaust are chemicals that can cause lung cancer. Avoiding exposure to these substances can help reduce the risk.
- Eat a healthy diet: Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables may help reduce the risk of developing lung cancer.
Doctors recommend Lung cancer screening for people at high risk of developing the disease, such as those who smoke or have exposure to other risk factors. The most common screening method is a low-dose computed tomography (CT) scan, which can detect lung cancer in its early stages when it is more treatable.
There are many resources and support available for individuals and families affected by lung cancer, including,
- Healthcare providers: Healthcare providers such as doctors, nurses, and social workers can provide information about treatment options, managing symptoms, and coping with the emotional and physical effects of lung cancer.
- Support groups: Support groups offer a safe and supportive environment for individuals and families affected by lung cancer to connect with others who have had similar experiences, share information and resources, and receive emotional support.
- National organizations: National organizations such as the American Lung Association, Lung Cancer Alliance, and LUNGevity Foundation offer educational resources, advocacy efforts, and support services for individuals and families affected by lung cancer.
- Local organizations: Local organizations such as cancer centres, hospitals, and community centres may offer support groups, educational programs, and other resources for individuals and families affected by lung cancer.
- Online resources: Online resources such as the American Cancer Society's Lung Cancer Survivors Network and Inspire's Lung Cancer Support Community provide access to information, resources, and online support groups.
- Financial support: Many organizations offer financial assistance for individuals and families affected by lung cancer who are struggling with medical bills, transportation costs, and other expenses related to treatment.
It is significant for individuals and families affected by lung cancer to seek out and take advantage of available resources and support to help them cope with the challenges of the disease.
Several hospitals in India are known for their expertise in lung cancer treatment. Here are some of the best hospitals for the treatment of lung cancer in India:
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai: Tata Memorial Hospital is a renowned cancer hospital in India known for its state-of-the-art facilities and expertise in lung cancer treatment.
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi: AIIMS is a top government hospital in India with a dedicated departmental team in lung cancer treatment.
- Apollo Hospitals, Chennai: Apollo Hospitals is one of the largest hospital chains in India and has a dedicated department for lung cancer. They offer a wide range of diagnostic and treatment options for lung cancer.
- Fortis Hospitals, Bangalore: Fortis Hospitals is a leading healthcare provider in India and has a dedicated department for lung cancer. They offer a multidisciplinary approach to lung cancer, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
It is vital to note that many other hospitals in India offer excellent treatment for lung cancer, and the choice of the hospital may depend on individual factors such as location, cost, and personal preference. Sufferers can discuss their needs with doctors or HCPs to determine the best treatment and hospital.